Історії після кінця історії

Abstract

Розглядаються передумови зміни методологічного інструментарію гуманітарного пізнання та формування новітніх історичних наративів. Аналізується ідея розмаїття дискурсів історіописання на прикладі гендерного аналізу історії. Досліджуються особливості проблемного поля «гендерної історії» та риси «жіночого письма», що репрезентує жінку – автора, жінку – суб’єкта історії.

The prerequisites of changes methodological tools of humanitarian cognition and the formation of modern historical narratives are considered. The idea of variety of historiography discourses diversity is analyzed using the example of gender analyses of history. The features of the problem fi eld in «gender history» and features of «women’s writing», which are representing a woman as the author and a woman as a subject of history are investigated in the article. Modern social culture transforms change either imagination about the world and human being or the way of its comprehension. New dimensions of culture being reproduced, give the new methodological approaches where non capital and variety become prominent in spite of structuring and certainty, which are typical for mechanistic, the constructivist view to the world. The aim of this article is to research a methodology of gender analysis of history. There are tasks for its realization: to consider theoretical backgrounds of changes in methodological principles in historical writing, to analyze the content of gender approaches in history and the specifi c of «women history». The historical material doesn’t testify about the typicality of events and algorithms of its research, but about their uniqueness and variety of types of its historical development. Here takes place a turning from the single meta narrative to the variety of them, reorientation from the idea of « exact« prediction of the future to the idea of its variability the idea of Antihistoricism. The language and discourse, which are recognized as main factors of creating a social reality, get a special status in this research. The themes, that provide another view to the history, in particular, the women’s point of view, are getting a special value. Gender history is an attempt to perceive a woman as a participant of history, not only as an object of it. It allows to reproduce not only one general view of the past, but the reality that had been seen, lived and written by women. This approach allows to refute a row of constant stereotypes. To prove that earlier got knowledge about the past isn’t «only and full» in case that there was not a woman with her ideology, the value system that differs from the men’s one. And to prove that display of gender in history (stereotypes, norms and identity) are not universal but culture-determined by different political histories, socio-historical characteristics, traditions, ruling practices in relations between sexes. The change of historical discourse needs the change in the language style, destroy of constant approaches, which are traditionally associated with man’s writing. Researchers defi ne some features: consistency, structures, hierarchy of content. As women’s writing is characterized with detalization, specifi cation, shifting attention from the concrete event to the «backgroung» which created and mediated it from the pass-through Idea to multivariate test. As a conclusion, we need to note that becoming of gender analysis of history has shown that the dyhotomical thinking should be the main principle of the new method of reconstruction of the past. It means the ability to look at one event or phenomenon from different points of view – men’s and women’s And to fi nd either differences or similarities.